Neutralizing Antibody Response by Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine on Healthcare Workers
Abstract
Background: Currently, the key to combat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a global pandemic is relying mainly on vaccination, and several factors might affect the level of protection. This study aimed to determine the quantitative increase of neutralizing antibody titer against COVID-19 and the influence of gender, body mass index (BMI), routine consumption of vitamin C, D, and E towards the neutralizing antibodies after vaccination.
Materials and methods: One hundred nine health workers from various health facilities were recruited. Sinovac inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine was used in this study. Antibody titer measurements were carried out quantitatively using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) on day 14 after the first and second doses administration of the vaccine.
Results: The average of antibody titers after the first and second doses were 109.1 and 191.6 U/mL, respectively. Antibody titer significantly increased (p=0.000) as much as 82.5 U/mL from the first to the second dose. There was a significant difference in the increase in antibody titer between respondents who consumed vitamin E regularly and those who did not (p=0.036). Routine consumption of vitamin C and D, gender, and BMI did not affect the increase in neutralizing antibody titer with p-values of 0.983, 0.337, 0.186, and 0.424, respectively.
Conclusion: Routine consumption of vitamin E is associated with post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination neutralizing antibody response. Gender, BMI, and the routine consumption of vitamin C and D have no association with the immune response.
Keywords: COVID-19, neutralizing antibody, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine
Full Text:
PDFReferences
World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; ©2021. WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020 [update 2020 Mar 11; cited 2021 Apr 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/.
World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; ©2021. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [update 2021 Apr 1; cited 2021 Apr 1]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/.
Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit No. HK.02.02/4/1/2021 Tentang Petunjuk Teknis Pelaksanaan Vaksinasi dalam Rangka Penanggulangan Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, article.
Nguyen LH, Drew DA, Graham MS, Joshi AD, Guo CG, Ma W, et al. Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020; 5(9): e475-83, CrossRef.
Bhatt K, Azmat M, Subhan M, Khawaja UA, Thevuthasan S, Mathew A, et al. Role of micronutrients (vitamins & minerals) in Covid-19. J Nutr Biol. 2020; 6(1): 430-43, article.
Sari DK, Dharmajaya R, Sari MI, Darlan DM. Daily soy-catfish-anchovy-rice (SCAR) porridge increases 25(OH)D serum level in tuberculosis patients with vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms. Indones Biomed J. 2021; 13(4): 418-25, CrossRef.
Frasca D, Reidy L, Cray C, Diaz A, Romero M, Kahl K, et al. Influence of obesity on serum levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in COVID-19 patients. PLoS One. 2021; 16(3): e0245424, CrossRef.
Pinzon R, Wijaya VO, Paramitha D. Vitamin D status and cognitive performance of post stroke patients. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2021; 5(1): 22-6, CrossRef.
Nauli F, Nurhasanah N, Mahati E, Bahrudin U. Body fat percentage, waist circumference and body mass index are correlated with nitric oxide levels in young adults with central obesity. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2021; 5(1): 1-7, CrossRef.
Zhu FC, Guan XH, Li YH, Huang JY, Jiang T, Hou LH, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2020; 396(10249): 479-88, CrossRef.
Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020; 63(3): 457-60, CrossRef.
Infantino M, Pieri M, Nuccetelli M, Grossi V, Lari B, Tomassetti F, et al. The WHO International Standard for COVID-19 serological tests: Towards harmonization of anti-spike assays. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021; 100: 108095, CrossRef.
Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2019; 32(2): e00084-18, CrossRef.
Bueno SM, Abarca K, González PA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Duarte LF, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine in a subgroup of healthy adults in Chile. Clin Infect Dis. 2022; 75(1): e792-804, CrossRef.
Satuan Tugas Penanganan COVID-19 [Internet]. Jakarta: Satuan Tugas Penanganan COVID-19; ©2021. Kriteria Penetapan Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) untuk Vaksin COVID-19 [update 2021 Jan 14; cited 2021 Apr 1]. Available from: https://covid19.go.id/.
Carrillo J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Ávila-Nieto C, Pradenas E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; implications in pathogenesis and protective immunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021; 538: 187-91, CrossRef.
Grigoryan L, Pulendran B. The immunology of SARS-CoV-2 infections and vaccines. Semin Immunol. 2020; 50: 101422, CrossRef.
Yuliawuri H, Christian JE, Steven N. Non-synonymous mutation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a in Indonesia. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2022; 6(1): 20-7, CrossRef.
Zhang Y, Zeng G, Pan H, Li C, Hu Y, Chu K, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; 21(2): 181-92, CrossRef.
Li T, Zhang T, Gu Y, Li S, Xia N. Current progress and challenges in the design and development of a successful COVID-19 vaccine. Fundam Res. 2021; 1(2): 139–50, CrossRef.
Post N, Eddy D, Huntley C, van Schalkwyk MCI, Shrotri M, Leeman D, et al. Antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2020; 15(12): e0244126, CrossRef.
Gao Q, Bao L, Mao H, Wang L, Xu K, Yang M, et al. Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020; 369(6499): 77-81, CrossRef.
Wang K, Long QX, Deng HJ, Hu J, Gao QZ, Zhang GJ, et al. Longitudinal dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2021; 73(3): e531-9, CrossRef.
Giltay EJ, Fonk JC, von Blomberg BM, Drexhage HA, Schalkwijk C, Gooren LJ. In vivo effects of sex steroids on lymphocyte responsiveness and immunoglobulin levels in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000; 85(4): 1648-57, CrossRef.
Carr AC, Rowe S. Factors affecting vitamin C status and prevalence of deficiency: A global health perspective. Nutrients. 2020; 12(7): 1963, CrossRef.
Lykkesfeldt J, Tveden-Nyborg P. The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10): 2412, CrossRef.
Boretti A, Banik BK. Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome. PharmaNutrition. 2020; 12: 100190, CrossRef.
Makmun A, Rusli FIP. Pengaruh vitamin C terhadap sistem imun tubuh untuk mencegah dan terapi COVID-19. Molucca Media. 2020: 12(2): 60-4, CrossRef.
Abobaker A, Alzwi A, Alraied AHA. Overview of the possible role of vitamin C in management of COVID-19. Pharmacol Rep. 2020; 72(6): 1517-28, CrossRef.
Qin X, Liu J, Du Y, Li Y, Zheng L, Chen G, et al. Different doses of vitamin C supplementation enhances the Th1 immune response to early Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection in BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019; 70: 387-95, CrossRef.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4): 988, CrossRef.
Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, Jessop ZM, Tarassoli SP, Dobbs TD, et al. Could vitamins help in the fight against COVID-19? Nutrients. 2020; 12(9): 2550, CrossRef.
Maurya VK, Aggarwal M. Factors influencing the absorption of vitamin D in GIT: An overview. J Food Sci Technol. 2017; 54(12): 3753-65, CrossRef.
Goncalves-Mendes N, Talvas J, Dualé C, Guttmann A, Corbin V, Marceau G, et al. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on influenza vaccine response and immune functions in deficient elderly persons: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Front Immunol. 2019; 10: 65, CrossRef.
Lee GY, Han SN. The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11): 1614, CrossRef.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v7i1.303
Copyright (c) 2023 Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indexed by:
Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
