Green Tea Yoghurt with Encapsulated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei E1 Improves Hepatocyte Damage in High-Fat High-Fructose Diet Mice by Reducing MDA and Increasing SOD
Abstract
Background: Obesity is a global epidemic caused by excessive body fat, which is increasing free fatty acids in the liver, causing oxidative stress and liver cell damage. Green tea yogurt (GTY) with encapsulated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei E1 (GTY-LpE1) might have a beneficial effect in reducing liver cell damage. This study was conducted determine GTY-LpE1 effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression, malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and liver histopathology in high-fat high-fructose diet (HFFD) mice.
Material and Methods: A completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 groups, including normal diet (ND) group, HFFD group, 1.3 mg/kg BW simvastatin (SIM)-administered HFFD group, 5 g/kg BW probiotic yoghurt (PY)-administered HFFD (PY), 2.5 g/kg BW GTY-administered HFFD (2.5 GTY), 5 g/kg BW GTY-administered HFFD (5 GTY), and 10 g/kg BW GTY-administered HFFD (10 GTY). The diet was given for 16 weeks, followed by oral administration of sim/yoghurt during the last 4 weeks. Mice were sacrificed and the liver was collected. SOD and MDA expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. Histopathology analysis was done by evaluating hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of the liver.
Result: The percentage of necrotic cells were 34.55, 34.31, and 21.95%, when treated with 2.5, 5, and 10 g/kg BW with GTY-administered HFFD, respectively, these were lower than the ones in the HFFD group (69.49%). The percentage of MDA expression were 15.55, 18.69, and 22.42%, respectively, these were lower than the ones in the HFFD group as well. The percentage of SOD expression were 9.49, 7.85, and 11.11%, respectively, these were higher than the ones in the HFFD group (3.44%).
Conclusion: GTY-LpE1 could decrease the number of necrotic cells in the HFFD mice livers and improve the hepatocyte damage by reducing MDA expression and enhancing SOD expression. GTY-LpE1 can be used as an alternative food to control obesity.
Keywords: alginate, chitosan, encapsulation, green tea, probiotic
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Febriza A, Ridwan R, As'ad S, Kasim VN, Idrus HH. Adiponectin and its role in inflammatory process of obesity. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2019; 3(2): 60-6, CrossRef.
Jung U, Choi MS. Obesity and its metabolic complications: The role of adipokines and the relationship between obesity, inflammation, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15(4): 6184-223, CrossRef.
Jin X, Qiu T, Li L, Yu R, Chen X, Li C, et al. Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2023; 13(6): 2403-24, CrossRef.
Pérez-Torres I, Castrejón-Téllez V, Soto ME, Rubio-Ruiz ME, Manzano-Pech L, Guarner-Lans V. Oxidative stress, plant natural antioxidants, and obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2021; 22(4): 1786, CrossRef.
Blackstone RP. Obesity: The Medical Practitioner's Essential Guide. Berlin: Springer; 2016, article.
Khutami C, Sumiwi SA, Khairul Ikram NK, Muchtaridi M. The effects of antioxidants from natural products on obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and their molecular signaling mechanism. Int J Mol Sci. 2022; 23(4): 2056, CrossRef.
Zhang Q, Fan X, Ye R, Hu Y, Zheng T, Shi R, et al. The effect of simvastatin on gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet. Front pharmacol. 2020; 11: 522, CrossRef.
Rajam R, Subramanian P. Encapsulation of probiotics: Past, present and future. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci. 2022; 11(1): 46, CrossRef.
Pupa P, Apiwatsiri P, Sirichokchatchawan W, Pirarat N, Muangsin N, Shah AA, et al. The efficacy of three double-microencapsulation methods for preservation of probiotic bacteria. Sci Rep. 2021; 11(1): 13753, CrossRef.
Jung Y, Zhao M, Svensson KJ. Isolation, culture, and functional analysis of hepatocytes from mice with fatty liver disease. STAR Protoc. 2020; 1(3): 100222, CrossRef.
Riyadi PH, Romadhon R, Anggo AD, Atho'illah MF, Rifa'i M. Tilapia viscera protein hydrolysate maintain regulatory T cells and protect acute lung injury in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide. J King Saud Univ - Sci. 2022; 34(5): 102020, CrossRef.
Arroyave-Ospina JC, Wu Z, Geng Y, Moshage H. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for prevention and therapy. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(2): 174,
Atho'illah MF, Safitri YD, Nur'aini FD, Widyarti S, Tsuboi H, Rifa'i M. Elicited soybean extract attenuates proinflammatory cytokines expression by modulating TLR3/TLR4 activation in high-fat, high-fructose diet mice. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2021; 12(1): 43-51, CrossRef.
Silva FMR, Da Silva LMR, Duarte ASG, Monteiro CEDS, Campos AR, Holanda DKR, et al. Microencapsulation of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis var assamica) to increase the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and gastroprotective effects. Food Biosci. 2021; 42: 101190, CrossRef.
Omagari K, Suruga K, Kyogoku A, Nakamura S, Sakamoto A, Nishioka S, et al. A fermented mixed tea made with camellia (Camellia japonica) and third-crop green tea leaves prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. HepatoBiliary Surg Nutr. 2018; 7(3): 175-84, CrossRef.
Cheng K, Song Z, Zhang H, Li S, Wang C, Zhang L, et al. The therapeutic effects of resveratrol on hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by improving oxidative stress, inflammation and lipid-related gene transcriptional expression. Med Mol Morphol. 2019; 52(4): 187-97, CrossRef.
Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 2017; 114(12): 1752-61, CrossRef.
Wang LC, Pan TM, Tsai TY. Lactic acid bacteria-fermented product of green tea and Houttuynia cordata leaves exerts anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects. J Food Drug Anal. 2018; 26(3): 973-84, CrossRef.
Bengoa AA, Dardis C, Garrote GL, Abraham AG. Health-promoting properties of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei: A focus on kefir isolates and exopolysaccharide-producing strains. Foods. 2021; 10(10): 2239, CrossRef.
Syaubari S, Razali N, Dhedia MF, Sadelah K. Characterization of yogurt with the addition of vegetables to increase antioxidants. J Appl Technol. 2022; 9(1): 43-9, CrossRef.
Forero-Peña DA, Gutierrez FRS. Statins as modulators of regulatory T-cell biology. mediators inflamm. 2013; 2013: 167086, CrossRef.
Moon HS, Chung CS, Lee HG, Kim TG, Choi YJ, et al. Inhibitory effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007; 15(11): 2571-82, CrossRef.
Chiu CH, Lu TY, Tseng YY, Pan TM. The effects of Lactobacillus-fermented milk on lipid metabolism in hamsters fed on high-cholesterol diet. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2006; 71(2): 238-45, CrossRef.
Batty M, Bennett MR, Yu E. The role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Cells. 2022; 11(23): 3843, CrossRef.
Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Usai MF, Carru C, Mangoni AA. Effect of statin treatment on circulating malondialdehyde concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2019; 10: 2040622319862714, CrossRef.
Acosta MM, Bram JT, Sim D, Read AF. Effect of drug dose and timing of treatment on the emergence of drug resistance in vivo in a malaria model. Evol Med Public Health. 2020; 2020(1): 196-210, CrossRef.
Ahmad MF, Haidar MA, Naseem N, Ahsan H, Siddiqui WA. Hypoglycaemic, hypolipidaemic and antioxidant properties of Celastrus paniculatus seed extract in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2023; 7(1): 10-7, CrossRef.
Alam R, Ahsan H, Khan S. The role of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in patients with hypertension. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2023; 7(2): 58-64, CrossRef.
Park HJ, DiNatale DA, Chung MY, Park YK, Lee JY, Koo SI, et al. Green tea extract attenuates hepatic steatosis by decreasing adipose lipogenesis and enhancing hepatic antioxidant defenses in ob/ob mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2011; 22(4): 393-400, CrossRef.
Hu W, Wang H, Shu Q, Chen M, Xie L. Green tea polyphenols modulated cerebral sod expression and endoplasmic reticulum stress in cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation rats. BioMed Res Int. 2020; 2020: 5080832, CrossRef.
Pisoschi AM, Pop A, Iordache F, Stanca L, Predoi G, Serban AI. Oxidative stress mitigation by antioxidants - An overview on their chemistry and influences on health status. Eur J Med Chem. 2021; 209: 112891, CrossRef.
Han XD, Zhang YY, Wang KL, Huang YP, Yang ZB, Liu Z. The involvement of Nrf2 in the protective effects of (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on NaAsO2-induced hepatotoxicity. Oncotarget. 2017; 8(39): 65302-12, CrossRef.
Siswanto FM, Oguro A, Imaoka S. Sp1 is a substrate of Keap1 and regulates the activity of CRL4AWDR23 ubiquitin ligase toward Nrf2. J Biol Chem. 2021; 296: 100704, CrossRef.
Huang X, Chu Y, Ren H, Pang X. Antioxidation function of EGCG by activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in mice with coronary heart disease. Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 2022; 2022: e8639139, CrossRef.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v8i3.501
Copyright (c) 2024 Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indexed by:
Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
