Endophytic Bacteria in Acalypha indica L. Leaves and Their Antimicrobial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans
Abstract
Background: The anting-anting plant (Acalypha indica L.) is used in herbal medicine in the treatment of various diseases. The leaf extract of this plant is known for its antimicrobial activity, but the antimicrobial properties of the endophytic bacteria within its leaves have never been reported. This research aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacteria from the leaves of the anting-anting plant.
Materials and methods: The isolation of endophytic bacteria was performed using the spread plate method on nutrient agar (NA) media. Following isolation, the bacterial isolates were characterized through macroscopic and microscopic examination, as well as biochemical tests, which included indole production, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production, motility, Simmons citrate utilization, methyl red-Voges-Proskauer (MR-VP) test, catalase test, and triple sugar iron agar (TSIA) test. Identification of the bacterial isolates was conducted according to Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of the isolates was assessed using the diffusion method
Results: Fourteen isolates of anting-anting leaf endophytic bacteria were obtained (coded as BEDA 1 to BEDA 14). The BEDA 5 isolate exhibited the largest inhibitory zone diameter against Staphylococcus aureus (31.48 mm), while BEDA 9 showed a significant inhibitory zone diameter against Candida albicans (17.84 mm).
Conclusion: The two isolates (BEDA 5 and BEDA 9) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, indicating their potential as promising candidates for alternative antimicrobial agents. These results suggest that endophytic bacteria from Acalypha indica may play an essential role in combating antibiotic resistance and in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: endophytic bacteria, characterization, antimicrobial activity, Acalypha indica
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Xu M, Xue Z, Sun S, Zhao C, Liu J, Liu J, et al. Co-culturing microalgae with endophytic bacteria increases nutrient removal efficiency for biogas purification. Bioresour Technol. 2020; 314: 123766, CrossRef.
Mohamad OAA, Li L, Ma JB, Hatab S, Xu L, Guo JW, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacterial populations from Chinese traditional medicinal plant licorice and characterization of the bioactive secondary metabolites produced by Bacillus atrophaeus against Verticillium dahliae. Front Microbiol. 2018; 9:924, CrossRef.
Huang YH, Huang XJ, Chen XH, Cai QY, Chen S, Mo CH, et al. Biodegradation of di-butyl phthalate (DBP) by a novel endophytic bacterium Bacillus subtilis and its bioaugmentation for removing DBP from vegetation slurry. J Environ Manage. 2018; 224: 1-9, CrossRef.
Vega-Portalatino EJ, Rosales-Cuentas MM, Tamariz-Angeles C, Olivera-Gonzales P, Espinoza-Espinoza LA, Moreno-Quispe LA, et al. Diversity of endophytic bacteria with antimicrobial potential isolated from marine macroalgae from Yacila and Cangrejos beaches, Piura-Peru. Arch Microbiol. 2024; 206(9): 1-38, CrossRef.
Astari SM, Rialita A, Mahyarudin. Aktivitas antibakteri isolat bakteri endofit tanaman kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. J Fitofarmaka Indones. 2021; 8(2): 9-16, CrossRef.
Rahmawati FD, Suharjono. Potency of endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria of akar kucing (Acalypha indica Linn.) as antibacteria against Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Trop Life Sci. 2021; 11(2): 171-9, CrossRef.
Bujan ANAH, Vitayani SM, Miranti A. The effect of Acalypha indica Linn (anting anting leaves) on Staphylococcus aureus causes pioderma. Sean Inst J Eduhealth. 2024; 15(2): 1640-9, article.
Chekuri S, Lingfa L, Panjala S, Bindu KCS, Anupalli RR. Acalypha indica L. - an important medicinal plant: a brief review of its pharmacological properties and restorative potential. European J Med Plants. 2020; 31(11): 1-10, CrossRef.
Kasrina K, Zukmadini AY. Ethnobotany study of medicinal plants in Bengkulu as a medium of student learning: The Euphorbiaceae family. J Phys Conf Ser. 2021; 1731(1): 1-8, CrossRef.
Tahoangako SS, Santosa D, Fakhrudin N. Study of the utilization of medicinal plants by traditional healer of the Tolaki Ethnic Tribe, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ethnobot Res Appl. 2024; 28(39): 1-17, CrossRef.
Priya VT, Balasubramanian N, Shanmugaiah V, Karunakaran C. Phyotochemical properties of Acalypha indica (L), and its antimicrobial potential against human pathogens. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 2020;14(1): 319-26, CrossRef.
Suchitra MR, Gayathri R, Parthasarathy S, Bhuvaneswari S. Evaluation of phytochemical and in vitro antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity of Acalypha indica (kuppaimeni or harita manjari) against microbes causing skin diseases. J Pharm Negat Results. 2023; 14(1): 138-54, article.
Rahman MS, Hossain R, Saikot FK, Rahman SM, Saha SK, Hong J, et al. Insights into the in vitro germicidal activities of Acalypha indica. Anal Sci Technol. 2017; 30(1): 26-31, CrossRef.
Harvery JG, Kaiin HA, Sugiaman VK. Comparison of 3% mepivacaine and 2% procaine in local anesthetics as antibavterial activity on the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Int Dent Med Res. 2023; 16(3): 1076-83, article.
Morales G, Sierra P, Mancilla, Paredes A, Loyola LA, Gallardo O, et al. Secondary metabolites from four medicinal plants from Northern Chile, antimicrobial activity, and biotoxicity against Artemia salina. J Chile Chem. 2003; 48(2): 13-8, CrossRef.
Singh R, Pandey KD, Singh M, Singh SK, Hashem A, Al-arjani ABF, et al. Isolation and characterization of endophytes bacterial strains of Momordica charantia L. and their possible approach in stress management. Microorganisms. 2022; 10(2): 1-14, CrossRef.
Bahmani K, Hasanzadeh N, Harighi B, Marefat A. Isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from potato tissues and their effects as biological control agents against bacterial wilt. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol. 2021; 116: 101692, CrossRef.
Zheng T wen, Liu L, Nie Q wen, Hsiang T, Sun Z xiang, Zhou Y. Isolation, identification and biocontrol mechanisms of endophytic bacterium D61-A from Fraxinus hupehensis against Rhizoctonia solani. Biol Control. 2021; 158 (3): 104621, CrossRef.
Fariska A, Fitri L, Ismail YS, Dita SF. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of endophytic bacteria from cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Trop J Nat Prod Res. 2024; 8(3): 6617-23, CrossRef.
Akramov I, Axanbayev S, Alikulov B, Mukhtorova S, Ergashev A, Ismailov Z. Plant growth-promoting properties of endophytic bacteria isolated from some xerophytic plants distributed in arid regions (Uzbekistan). Plant Sci Today. 2023; 10(4): 228-37, CrossRef.
Sharma M, Mallubhotla S. Diversity, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of endophytic bacteria sourced from Cordia dichotoma L. Front Microbiol. 2022; 13: 879386, CrossRef.
Fadiji AE, Babalola OO. Exploring the potentialities of beneficial endophytes for improved plant growth. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2020; 27(12): 3622-33, CrossRef.
Liu H, Carvalhais LC, Crawford M, Singh E, Dennis PG, Pieterse CMJ, et al. Inner plant values: diversity, colonization and benefits from endophytic bacteria. Front Microbiol. 2017; 8(1): 1-17, CrossRef.
Deng Y, Huang H, Lei F, Fu S, Zou K, Zhang S, et al. Endophytic bacterial communities of Ginkgo biloba leaves during leaf developmental period. Front Microbiol. 2021; 12: 698703, CrossRef.
Souran SEV, Shekariesfahlan A, Ashrafi F, Naeimi S, Ghasemi A. Isolation and identification of grapevine endophytic bacteria with antagonistic potential against Fomitiporia mediterranea, a pathogen involved in grapevine trunk disease. J Plant Dis Prot. 2023; 130: 1371-84, CrossRef.
Qu H, Wang Y, Wang B, Li C. Pulsed electric field treatment of seeds altered the endophytic bacterial community and promotes early growth of roots in buckwheat. BMC Microbiol. 2023; 23(1): 1-17, CrossRef.
Tyasningsih W, Yurianti YA, Rahmahani J, Setiawan B, Tyasningsih W, Harijani N, et al. Antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli bacteria collected from cloaca swab of broiler chicken at Surabaya traditional market, Indonesia. Pollut Res. 2021; 40(1): 317-21, article.
Liu P, Li W, Liu X. A novel synthesis method of cyclopentadecanone and cyclopentadecanolide from vegetable oil. BMC Chem. 2022; 16(46): 1-6, CrossRef.
Kumar G, Gan HM, Popielarz H, Steele J, Parthasarathy A, Hudson AO, et al. Endophytic bacteria associated with wild-type banana seed (Musa balbisiana): Whole genome sequencing. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2023; 12(12): 1-5, CrossRef.
Jardak M, Lami R, Saadaoui O, Jlidi H, Stien D, Aifa S, et al. Control of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm by surfactins of an endophytic bacterium Bacillus sp. 15 F. Enzyme Microb Technol. 2024; 180: 110477, CrossRef.
Fu CC, Huang BX, Wang SS, Song YC, Metok D, Tan YX, et al. Deciphering the roles of bacterial and fungal communities in the formation and quality of agarwood. Stress Biol. 2024; 4(40): 1-18, CrossRef.
Omokpo VO, Adetunji OC. Isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria from stem bark of the medicinal plant Dialium guineense. Am J Sci Eng Res. 2023; 6(5): 1-5, article.
Biswas S, Philip I, Jayaram S, Sarojini S. Endophytic bacteria Klebsiella spp. and Bacillus spp. from Alternanthera philoxeroides in Madiwala Lake exhibit additive plant growth-promoting and biocontrol activities. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2023; 21(153): 1-20, CrossRef.
Compant S, Cambon MC, Vacher C, Mitter B, Samad A, Sessitsch A. The plant endosphere world - bacterial life within plants. Environ Microbiol. 2021; 23(4): 1812-29, CrossRef.
Tavarideh F, Pourahmad F, Nemati M. Diversity and antibacterial activity of endophytic bacteria associated with medicinal plant, Scrophularia striata. Vet Res Forum. 2022; 13(3): 409-15, CrossRef.
Aisyah N, Zulkifli L, Rasmi DAC. Isolation of endophytic bacteria and fungi from soursop (Annona muricata L.) and bioactivity test as antimicrobial against Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans. J Pijar Mipa. 2023; 18(2): 254-9, CrossRef.
Palmer JD, Foster KR. The evolution of spectrum in antibiotics and bacteriocins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022; 119(38): 1-11, CrossRef.
Qurrotuaini SP, Wiqoyah N, Mustika A. Antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Centella asiatica leaves on Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Yersinia enterocolitica in vitro. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2022; 6(3): 135-40, CrossRef.
Callixte C, Damascene DJ, Ma'aruf A, Dachlan YP, Sensusiati AD, Daniel N, et al. Phytoconstituent analysis and antibacterial potential of epicarp extracts from mature fruits of Persea americana Mill. Mol Cell Biomed Sci. 2020; 4(2): 94-9, CrossRef.
Mamarasulov B, Davranov K, Umruzaqov A, Ercisli S, Ali Alharbi S, Ansari MJ, et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of endophytic bacterial crude extracts from medicinal plant Ajuga turkestanica (Rgl.) Brig (Lamiaceae). J King Saud Univ - Sci. 2023; 35(4): 1-11, CrossRef.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21705/mcbs.v9i2.609
Copyright (c) 2025 Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Indexed by:
Cell and BioPharmaceutical Institute
